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Related fields Computer science is closely related to a number of fields. These fields overlap considerably, though important differences exist Computer engineering is the analysis, design, and construction of computer hardware. Computer graphics is the field of visual computing, where one uses computers both to generate visual images synthetically and to integrate or alter visual and spatial information sampled from the real world. Computer programming is the act of writing program code. Information science or Informatics is the study of data and information, which includes how to create, interpret, analyze, store, retrieve, transfer, and manage it. Information science started as the scientific foundation for communication and databases. It also concerns about the ways people generate, use and find information (see Cognitive science). Information security is the analysis and implementation of information system security, like cryptography. Information systems (IS) is the application of computing to support the operations of an organization: operating, installing, and maintaining the computers, software, and data. Lexicography focus on the study of lexicographic reference works and include the study of electronic and Internet-based dictionaries. Linguistics is the study of languages; it converges with computer science in such areas as programming language design and natural language processing. Logic is a formal system of reasoning, and studies principles that lay at the basis of computing machines, whether it be the hardware (digital logic) or software (verification, AI etc.) levels. Management information systems (MIS) is a subfield of information systems, that emphasizes financial and personnel management. Mathematics shares many techniques and topics with computer science, but is more general. Theoretical computer science is the mathematics of computing.

Software engineering emphasizes analysis, design, construction, and testing of useful software. Software engineering includes development methodologies (such as the waterfall model and extreme programming) and project management. Information Technology Computing The name of the field The name "computer science" immediately gives the impression that the field is the study of computers, the everyday machines that run programs and perform computations. Nonetheless, the field (as noted above) is both wider and more abstract than this name would suggest. Alternate names such as "computation science" have been proposed but the traditional name remains the most common. The Danish Scientist Peter Naur dislikes the name and has suggested it be called "Datalogy", indeed this is the actual title used in many of the Nordic countries. In French, the discipline is named informatique, in German Informatik, in Polish informatyka, in Russian ???????????, in Greek ?????f????? and in Dutch informatica. However, informatics in English is not directly synonymous with computer science; it is actually more equivalent with information theory.

Copyright The amendment of the United States Code, Chapter 17, codified as 17 USC 117, permits the owner of a copy of a computer program to make copies necessary for the use or backup of a computer program. Until 117 was enacted, the very act of copying computer software from a storage device into temporary memory may have been prohibited in the United States. Typically, a proprietary software license will interpret 117 in plain English. For example: "You may use the software on one computer, and you may make an additional copy to be used only for backup or archival purposes. You may not otherwise copy, modify [...] the software." However, a growing number of such licenses are using a loophole in 117 that exploits a distinction between the "owner" of a copy and one who merely "possesses" a copy by creating a rental agreement in which the publisher of the software retains ownership of the medium on which the software is shipped. Product liability Most licenses for software sold at retail disclaim (as far as local laws permit) any warranty on the performance of the software and limit liability for any damages to the purchase price of the software. Patent Some countries, such as the United States, allow the patenting of a generic computer that runs a novel algorithm. A software license may grant limited non-exclusive rights under applicable patents that the publisher holds.